Hello at all,
i am quite new here and it seems like nobody touched the topics artificial intelligence or machine learning so far. If i understand it right, the topics should now be created with this post. I hope that i can arouse a bit of interest in this topics and increase my scientific written english skills with productive discussions here.
For the beginning, here is a nice overview of all types of neuronal networks. Some of them are found in the literature in other types of machine learning algorithms (like SVM, Markov Chain...), but you can model that behaviour also with neural networks.