Geography
The geography of the human mind is considered ancient, the very foot of humanity, and even geographical maps are older than the same history; because the maps have already done simple knowledge of writing, and this is confirmed by many travelers, who roamed primitive villages and early communities that knew the art of cartography. One of these primitive travelers, by means of a nearby or a designated place, hastened to unintentionally manufacture some of the piles of sand and sand. He sketched these objects with sketches showing his destination. Many historians and scientists confirm that the knowledge of sites and the design of maps as human instinct in the human race, and develop methods and methods maps according to its requirements as well as its possibilities and raw materials and availability.
The stages of the development of maps throughout history
Maps in ancient civilizations
Babylonian Maps of Foreign Trade
The Sumerians had agricultural inflation. In contrast, they lacked basic equipment and industrial raw materials, so they imported these materials from Egypt, India and Syria in exchange for their produce. The Babylonian communities are among the first groups to design maps. The Babylonians have drawn detailed maps of the plain of Iraq, with the goal of setting boundaries for agricultural land and identifying their properties. In Iraq there is a map engraved on a pottery plate. This map shows a piece of land, geometrically divided, with the spaces and numbers of the 2,500-square-meter Babylonian sacristy. There is a map of the Babelin in the Museum of Graduate Studies at Harvard University in the United States. In the ruins of the city of Assyria, located north of Babylon, where it was designed on a slab of clay. This map shows the valley of a river surrounded by mountains. The geographers are likely to be the Euphrates and the coincidences were used to denote the mountain ranges. This map is more than 4500 years old, but its features are clear. This map is known as the oldest map, and this is what many historians and archaeologists suggest. Historians also tell us that the Babylonians began mapping attempts, as well as the development and identification of original trends. The ancient people of Iraq were not limited to the design of maps seen and measured within the boundaries of their agricultural land, but rather the design of city maps.
Maps of the pharaohs
The ancient Egyptian maps are one of the first in the world to draw maps on the basis of surveying. These maps were very elaborate. Historians and archaeologists tell us that the first person to map the Egyptian empire in the past is Ramses II, The maps showing the boundaries of the provinces, as well as the maps of the agricultural areas, these maps include dimensions and distances as well, one of the geographical geographers of these dimensions in determining the distance between Alexandria and Aswan. There is an ancient map of Egypt, painted on papyrus, and this map is located in the city of Turin, Italy, dating back to 1320 BC. This map draws a gold mine clearly, and appeared in the map as well as many of the features surrounding the mine, such as roads, valleys, mountains , And buildings, and show on the map channel linking the Nile River Lake Temsah. Chinese Maps China's isolated world-wide location has contributed greatly to the formation of a population culture characterized by many aesthetic and artistic aspects and meticulously designed maps, at a time when Europe was not aware of maps, and the purpose of the design of these maps , That there should be maps showing the geography of the place of the governor, where the maps are a primitive table of sand, including the topography of the place, that was in 227 BC, but historians assert that the military knew the mapping of sand before that date, and attributed most Some archaeologists Chinese maps to p In 500 BC, the mapping stages developed in China. After four centuries, the Chinese drew the regions from Persia to the islands of Japan. One of the most famous and famous Chinese maps is a map of 30 square feet, , Map directions, city-to-city spaces, and other amazing content. The Roman maps did not care much about the Romans, because they did not look at the maps but they are a good way in wars and defensive operations. The oldest maps of the map are painted on thin skin, and this map is kept in the city of Vienna. Medieval maps European maps The mistaken belief in pomegranates that the earth was a dry disk in an ocean of water, and because of the great Christian power in Europe, the maps were illustrative of the Holy Places, etc., but the mapping was inaccurate. Lots of maps are approximate and unreal. Arab Maps Although Europe lived in dark ages, these periods included periods of prosperity for the Arabs. They were interested in maps somewhat more because of trade. Arab geographers added many new features to the map in this period, such as: the addition of rivers clearly, the drawing of the limbs of Europe, illustrating the regions of South Asia and its center accurately. Maps of the Renaissance In this age, the maps evolved remarkably, with maps representing distances, borders and geometric shapes in a very clear and precise manner. As the Renaissance approached the end, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries witnessed a terrible scientific development in mapping and design, These maps are based on their ideas and actions. In these years, geographical, geological, political, climatic maps have emerged. Modern maps Maps in our time represent a necessity in various fields of science and work, so the multiplicity of the use of the map, increasing the science of maps in detail, there are global maps, general maps, detailed maps. Maps by scale: Maps showing the appearance of natural or artificial objects on the Khiraytha in relative terms. This percentage varies, and may be large, medium, or small. Survey maps are maps showing the state's public property and private property. These maps are concerned with drawing a small patch of land. Geographic maps: maps that show the details of the Earth's surface of an area, and find contour maps: maps that are used to represent the earth's manifestations, and in these maps draw lines with the direction of the earth. Modern Maps: Detailed maps, terrain maps, geographic maps of large territories, special maps and military maps, including: strategic maps, defensive and offensive maps, packing maps, tactical maps, travel maps and meeting. Many of the maps are categorized qualitatively, including: picture maps, stereoscopic maps, and modern sand maps.