What are the key differences between dual federalism and cooperative federalism?
Dual federalism is a form of federalism when the power is between two different sections of power and authority. Cooperative federalism is more flexible than separated; both sections of power and authority work together on many matters and projects. There are multiple differences between the two even though they are both labeled federalism. To start dual federalism is where the power is split distinctly between the two sections usually referred to as state government and federal government. Another aspect that is a difference is where they have their authority. Dual federalism sections have their own authority in certain areas so they are both sovereign in a different way. On the other hand, cooperative federalism has no such separation or distinction. The way dual federalism is set up can result in more tension between the state and federal government; while both the state and the federal government have to cooperate together to accomplish their goals which creates much less tension. Another topic that can cause problems is competitive democracy between states. This occurs more in dual federalism because states can intimate other states when it comes to issuing natural resources. We can see these differences throughout the history of the United States of America. America started out as more of dual federalism from 1789 to 1901. There was a minimal joint effort between the federal and state government. The United States shifted toward cooperative federalism from 1901 to 1960. There was more cooperation between the state and federal governments. Some argue this is because of the two world wars and the economic stress the country went through. After 1960, there were other forms of federalism that the United States learned toward until the present, but the important aspect to focus on is the major shift between dual and cooperative federalism. There are many forms of federalism, but exclusively looking at cooperative and dual allows us to realize that there are more differences than most would expect.
References:
https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/gov/federal.htm
https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/23971
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/the-evolution-of-american-federalism/