Hello friends, here I bring a post about a mysterious city that existed on earth more than 4000 years ago. It was rediscovered in the early decades of 20th century. The city had some modern features that the cities of our times have, which is a very surprising. Let us visit to know more about it.
Mohenjo-Daro which means Mound of Dead in Sindhi was the most sophisticated urban center of Indus Valley Civilization( also known as Meluhan Civilization). The original name of the city is still unknown. The name Mohenjo Daro of the city was given locally by the Sindhis. It was built around 2500 BC contemporary to the civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. It is now located in the Larkana district of Sindh province of Pakistan on west of the river Indus. As evident from the name, on the bank of this river Indus Valley Civilization had flourished. Planned with modern-like urban features Mohenjo-Daro was a symbol of excellence of the civil engineering of Indus Valley Civilization. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.
Mohenjo-Daro was the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization along with some other major urban areas at Harappa, Dholavira, Lothal and few others. It spanned from Pakistan to North India extending westwards to Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to Bactria. Indus Valley Civilization started to decline and Mohenjo-Daro was abandoned around 1900 BC due to some mysterious reason. Some archaeologists believe that a heavy flood was the reason while some others believe the reason to be drought.
The remains of the city were rediscovered 3700 years after it was abandoned, by an Indian archaeologist R. D. Banerji who visited the site for finding a Buddhist Stupa which was known to be there. He found a small stone scraper there which caught his attention and convinced him of the site’s antiquity. After this discovery large scale excavation of the site was undertaken by Kashinath Narayan Dikshit in 1924–25, and John Marshall in 1925–26 and the city of Mohenjo-Daro came into light. It spread a strong wave of surprise and shock to the western historians who repudiated the ancientness of Asian Civilization.
After this, a series of excavations were carried out on the site until 1965 when excavations were banned due to serious weathering damages caused by the excavations. Only minor excavations and some surveys were allowed. A dry core drilling done by Pakistan’s National Fund for Mohenjo-Daro in 1915 which revealed that the city is much larger than the excavated area.
What is Special about Mohenjo-Daro ?
Mohenjo-Daro is an example of Excellence of Urban Planning, Civil Engineering and cultural greatness which we believe to be the features of modern society. The city dwellers were used to some modern-day-like practices.
City Planning:
Mohenjo-Daro makes everyone wonder by its city structure with rectilinear roads and residential blocks along arteries crossed at right angles. The cities structure along with the public buildings and facilities tells a story of a very organized civil society.
Main Features of the City :
The buildings were made of mortared bricks, mud bricks and some wooden superstructures.
The major streets were more than 9 metres wide.
The more surprising fact about the city is that it had a very sophisticated and complex water management and drainage system. Such water and sewage management systems were also found in other cities of Indus valley like Dholavira and few more others.
It had public toilets and in the residential areas every house had a tiled bathroom with a deep well.
Sewers connected throughout the city drained the waste water.
Gutters and water collectors were dug in the main streets in cul-de-sacs. In the smaller streets waste water were drained through some bottomless jars.
At some crossroads there were brick containers used as waste disposal.
Great Granary :
A large building with several wall divisions was discovered in the city which was used as a granary. There were several air ducts in the rooms which might have been used to dry-up the grains. Some archaeologists believe that carts would have brought grains from the outside the city and put them directly into the granary.
The Great Bath :
The most spectacular work of the builders of Mohenjo-daro was the Great Bath which is called the earliest public water tank of the ancient world. It is believed that the bath had religious importance and was used for religious purification.
The structure is 12 metres in length, 7 metres wide and 2.4 metres in depth. Two wide staircases in north and south were used as the entry to the pool. One hole was found at one end of the structure which might have been used to drain water to the bath. The floor and sidewalls were made watertight with bricks plastered with some material. A thick layer of bitumen was laid on the floor as well as on the sidewalls to make it even more watertight. Along the eastern edge there were some room and in one room there was a well believed to be used to drain some water to the drain. It is believed that rainwater was also drained to fill the pool but no such inlet was found in the structure.
College of Priests :
Near the bath there was a large pillared buildings with 78 rooms and three verandas. Two staircases led to the upper floors and the roof top. The building is believed to be the residence of priests and has been named as College of Priests.
Mohenjo-Daro had no city walls but some guard towers for fortification purpose. The fortification structure and city layout of Mohenjo-Daro resembles the other city centers of the Indus-Valley like Harappa. For this reason it is believed that the city was an administrative center.
Flood Protection and Water Conservation :
The people of Mohenjo-daro had expertised the technique of flood water control and to use the river water for agricultural and city needs. The structures with dams and reservoirs found on the outskirts of the city speaks of a very sophisticated river water control and conservation system. The dwellers of the city had converted a problem to their advantage. A river Ghagar-Hakra which has Indian mythological reference is believed to have flown near the site . The river changed its course due to earthquakes and the river dried up. The riverbed was found near the site and the water of the river present underground was also found.
Whenever there was flood, the flood defense structure protected the city from it and collected the flood water in large reservoirs which was used for the city and for agriculture. A more sophisticated water management system was found at the site of Dholavira.
Artifacts Found at the Site :
Numerous artifacts which includes some seated and standing statues, toys, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance scales and weighs, gold and jasper ornaments were found during the excavation which are now conserved at some museums in India, Pakistan and England.
Connection with Mesopotamia:
Severeal seals on which figures of various animals like the mysterious unicorn, cow, rhino, tiger etc. were engraved, were found at Mohenjo-daro and other sites of Indus Valley. Similar kinds of seals were discovered at some sites in Sumer, Mesopotamia which tells of a trade link between the two civilizations.
Archaeologists believe that Indus Valley ships sailed to the Mesopotamia and the nearby countries through some sea-link in the Arabian sea. The similarities found in the artifacts in the different sites in these countries implies to it. Some interpreters were used to translate the languages between these different culture. The readers are advised to read about the trade relations between these civilizations from various sources in the internet.
Thousand cities of this kind were scattered in an area twice the size of entire France across the Indus Valley. The other cities were discovered later in time. Who lived in these cities is still unknown. However, the city is an evidence that a very sophisticated and technically developed civil society lived in the city. It is believed that Indus-Valley is where the Indian culture had its ancestry.