The growth of modern high-rise buildings began at the beginning of the 19th century marked by a change in the purpose of using high-rise buildings from defense buildings into commercial and residential buildings.
Commercial high buildings aim to meet the needs of business activities to be closer to each other and as close to the city center as possible to the business center. While high rise as a residence aims to save urban land.
The growth of urban populations and the consequences of available land limitations have an effect on the pattern of residential development in densely populated urban areas so that today high-rise buildings that serve as residential areas are needed in urban areas.
High Building is one form of building that has a number of floors are many, this is due to the needs of space in the building. The High Building is built on the limitations of expensive land in urban areas and the high level of space demand for various activities, so that to meet the needs of the space then it is done by upward development (vertical).
Buildings with altitudes above 40 meters are classified into tall buildings due to more complex structural calculations. Based on the number of floors, multi-storey buildings are classified into low-rise buildings (2 - 4 floors) and multi-storey buildings (5-10 floors) and skyscrapers.
This division is in addition based on the structural system as well as other system requirements that must be met in the building. Based on some standards, a typical building is called a tall building if it has a height between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m). Buildings that have a height of more than 492 feet (150 m) are called skyscrapers. The average height of one level is 13 feet (4 meters).
High-rise building structures
High-rise building structures consist of many stages arranged into a procedure of analysis and design of high-rise building structures. Given the complex and many calculations when analyzing and designing buildings, especially high buildings, computer programs are needed as aids. Software that can be used include ETABS, MathCad, PCACOL, GRASP, AutoCad and others.
Understanding High Structure of the Building
The growing technological advances of high-rise buildings are caused by the ever-increasing need for space. The higher a building, the lateral force action becomes more influential, so that the lateral swing of the building will become so large that the rigidity and structural considerations are crucial in the design of a building. The degree of stiffness of the structure depends heavily on the type of structural system chosen. Furthermore, the efficiency of a selected structure system will depend on the type of material to be used. Thus the type of structure system chosen should produce maximum stiffness, but with minimal building mass. Thus, the system will be produced a lightweight and strong structure, especially in resisting the lateral forces in buildings, especially forces caused by the earthquake.
The loads it carries, the weight of the material of the elements and the weight of its own structure is supplied by the structure or framework of the building to the earth's crust. With the exception of these loads, the structure must be able to bear other loads due to wind and earthquakes. So the function of the structure is to protect a certain space against the climate, the dangers that arise in and distribute all kinds of loads to the ground. The determination of a strong enough structure, precise and economical adds to the beauty of architecture.
Horatio greenough in his Form and functional form, sets out his pendaapatnya about the close relationship between form, function, and nature. He aborted learning the principles of construction, we should learn from nature. When considered in the world of the fauna, no undeveloped form, and no proportion determined by the will. The theory in which the following is the following Form functional means, the form follows the function.
- This principle carries two provisions, namely:
- The form will change when the function is changed.
- New function impossible to follow old function.
Some of the main functions that must be considered in the design of high buildings
Structural (and construction methods)
- The structural system is the overall buffer frame for high buildings, for example reinforced concrete construction systems reinforced with core systems.
Mechanical (vertical transport and air conditioning)
- Mechanical systems that move objects such as elevators, elevators, running ramps, and so on. Including the air system that requires turbines, water systems with propulsion machines, and so on.
Electrical (Electricity and lighting)
- Includes everything related to electrical, electrical equipment placement, cabling, lighting.
Architectural (aesthetic)
- The architectural function is the most humane function associated with the human living in it, aesthetics, room arrangement, shaft placement, etc.
Load On Structure namely
Graphic Load
- Dead load, all parts of a fixed structure.
- Life burden, any burden caused by residential or user of a building.
Lateral Expenses
- Wind loads, all loads on the structure caused by the difference in air pressure.
- Earthquake load, all the burden caused by earth movement caused by earthquake.
Special expenses
- Special loads are any loads that work on buildings or parts of buildings that occur due to water pressure, temperature difference, lifting and fitting, foundation decay, shrinkage, additional forces derived from live loads such as brake force from tap, centrifugal force and force dynamics derived from machines, as well as other special influences. Action due to a special load must be calculated and added to the previous planning calculation which is a series of load combinations.
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