The largest particle colliders

Particle colliders are machines so powerful that they can recreate the conditions of the universe just after the Big Bang and even go beyond what any instrument has achieved and there is a new proposal for the Future Circular Collider FCC, CERN's ambitious project to succeed the iconic LHC Large Hadron Collider.

At 91 km in circumference it will be three times larger than its predecessor and is expected to be operational in the 2040s the FCC was planned following years of LHC achievements, including the discovery of the Higgs Boston in 2012 one of the greatest evidences of how fundamental particles acquire mass.

Now scientists want to go further looking for clues about dark matter, new particles and even new dimensions of physics, the FCC project was divided into two phases in the first called FCCI the collider will accelerate electrons and positrons the antimatter of electrons, to make extremely precise measurements, this stage should last about 15 years and will be fundamental to detect small discrepancies in the standard model of physics which is the current basis of our understanding of the subatomic universe.

The second phase called FCCHH will be even more impressive, with it protons will be accelerated to speeds and energies never seen before up to 100 TeV. Almost eight times more than the LHC, the FCC will be built about 200 meters deep across the border between Switzerland and France, as well as the LHC, the subway ring-shaped structure will house hundreds of superconducting magnets, vacuum chambers and highly sensitive sensors, ensuring safety and precision in particle collisions.

As this is an international project, all phases of planning and construction are overseen by engineers, physicists and regulatory authorities from several countries, ensuring that the operation is safe for both scientists and the environment.

The magnitude of data generated by each collision requires the use of artificial intelligence to process and filter information; advanced algorithms will help identify very rare signals from new particles or unusual interactions.

AI will also be used to predict equipment failures, adjust operating parameters in real time and even suggest new experimental approaches, and interactive systems will allow teams distributed around the world to access, simulate and collaborate in real time during experiments, although the FCC's focus is fundamental research, particle accelerators have a powerful track record of practical applications.

Technologies developed in LHC for example already benefit areas such as medicine with high precision radiotherapy equipment and energy with advanced studies in nuclear function, the future circular collider represents not only the continuation of the scientific path initiated with the LHC but a colossal leap in our ability to investigate the unknown, with three times the size of the largest collider ever built and unprecedented energies may reveal the deepest secrets of the universe and this opens the way to detect particles that so far only exist in the theoretical equations or who knows not open a door to another dimension or a wormhole.

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