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Strong rope that does not stretch e.g. hemp or manila, that can take around 1,000 pounds of pressure, and long enough to tie to something solid and achieve the required drop (see below). Clark reports that in countries which still perform hanging, an eyelet (a metal loop) in the rope is used in place of a knot to make it more free running, and that this causes a quicker death (although would not seem to be essential). He reports that a 13 foot length of ¾" (19mm) diameter hemp rope is often used. Stone recommends 1" (25mm).
Knot positioning. Whilst the type of knot is not essential as long as it does not come loose, it is important that the knot (or eyelet if used) is positioned below the jaw. It may be worth testing what happens with the knot when pulled up to ensure that it finishes as directly below the chin as possible. That might mean its initial position (which should not be pulled tight) is slightly to the side so it becomes central when pulled up. The aim is for the knot to assist in throwing the head back, thereby helping to crush the spinal cord. Clark states that the hangman's knot used in America was aimed to assist in this, although in Britain and its colonies a much simpler basic noose was/is used. For information on knots see http://www.realknots.com/knots/noose.htm.
Attachment of the other end of the rope. Must be to something solid that will not break or move as a result of the pressure of the body dropping. The rope must be knotted securely so the knot does not slip.
Drop. Ideally this needs to be straight down. Running jumps can alter the positioning of the knot and then not achieve severing the spinal cord. Death is still likely, but by strangulation which may be more painful. The length of the required drop varies according to weight. A table of drops for hangmen to use was issued by the British Home Office in 1892 and subsequently revised in 1913. Clark reports that the 1913 table is still used in Singapore and probably Malaysia and may have been adopted by other countries which use the British method, e.g. Australia, Canada, the Caribbean nations and Egypt!
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