This post is a followup to yesterday's DTube video tutorial on "melodic writing in 4-parts," featuring similar/parallel, oblique, and contrary motion. I continue to update the slides of my YT channel music theory tutorials, making them easier to read, and so forth (at the time, I was just learning PowerPoint!). To hear the audio that goes with, just watch the aforementioned DTube post of yesterday (link in Description below).
MELODIC FOUR-PART WRITING - Harmony I.06 [Slides]
A melody is a memorable, linear series of musical notes – a symbiosis of tone and rhythm – conceived as an aesthetic whole. – Alright, what does all that mean?
Greek: μελῳδία - According to the word’s origins in ancient Greece, a melōidía is something that is sung, or chanté. Some type of melodic motion must be present in all four parts, not merely in the soprano voice.
When two musical lines are present at the same time – two melodies, say, a song tune and a bass line – three distinct Motions are possible: 1) Similar, 2) Oblique, and 3) Contrary Motion.
{When} two or more musical lines move together in the same direction, it is called Similar Motion. Let's talk more about this.
In strict four-part writing, in order to keep the voices independent - an important goal - we do not allow the writing of parallel octaves [P1/P8] and parallel perfect fifths [P5/P12] between any [two] voices.
These two voices are moving together properly, in the same direction. There are no forbidden parallels here. [music] By the way, do you recall the names of the two C-clefs pictured here?
Right! That is the Soprano clef on the top staff, and Alto clef on the bottom.
In this score excerpt, we see three voices in similar motion. The intervals or distances between the parts are marked. Listen. [music] Not all parallel intervals are forbidden; as shown here, parallel 3rds and 6ths, and sometimes 4ths, are acceptable.
Now we see two musical lines moving up and down, while a third sustains a tone. This is an example of oblique motion. The top and bottom lines move obliquely to the middle part. Do you hear the sustained middle line? [music]
Incidentally, can you name all three C-clefs now?
Whenever one voice retains a Common Tone between two chords, there is Oblique Motion. Do you hear the common tone to each pair of chords? [music]
Contrary motion was discussed in a previous presentation, under Rule Four. The three upper voices shown here move in Similar Motion to each other, but in Contrary Motion to the bottom line, the Bass voice. [music]
According to Rule Four, Contrary Motion and now also Oblique Motion – Rule 4B – are applied in order to avoid writing parallel-octaves [P1/P8] and parallel-fifths [P5/P12] between any [two] voices.
Next, something slightly different. …
Rule Five: Skips and Leaps. When three or four voices move by skips, to notes in the same chord, it is acceptable, and easy to sing. [music] However, …
When three or four voices move by skips from one chord to a different chord, it is NOT acceptable in strict, four-part writing, neither is it easy to sing. [music] Why is this important?
Never forget that these Five Rules are teaching you how to produce independent melodic lines in sing-able harmony for four voice parts. Oblique and Contrary Motion help us avoid the error of parallel unisons, fifths, octaves, and 12ths, between the voices.
A Problem. To reinforce your understanding of the three kinds of motion, here is a task for you: Pause the clip, analyze, and find all the examples of Similar, Contrary, and Oblique Motion shown here. [music]
The Solution. Soprano and Tenor move similarly to each other – in parallel 6ths, actually – contrary to the Bass, and obliquely to the Alto, which retains the Common Tone to both chords. The Bass also moves obliquely to the Alto. With all that in mind now, listen once more. [music]
Now which motions do you see? …
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Food for Thought.
Thank you very much!
RECOMMENDED VIDEOS AND PLAYLISTS
Elements of Music Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLr9RYCj11MSycDV5jr07-Sl60ymZyadET
Music Fundamentals Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLr9RYCj11MSxs91JeTfDvKtilJnOWw6JP
Harmony in Music Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLr9RYCj11MSwV82yI5x6SbNxmG9CMhfOv
Piano Beginnings Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLr9RYCj11MSxPncb7aKgf90hnckKuiEhb
IMAGE CREDITS
School of Athens/Raphael, by Image Editor on flickr: https://flic.kr/p/5dJFEM
Royal Air Force Typhoon Aircraft from 6 Squadron, by Defence Images on flickr: https://flic.kr/p/eBQHgE
Amtrak empire builders at Spokane WA, by Loco Steve on flickr: https://flic.kr/p/agxZAF
Runaway truck ramp, by Normanack on flickr: https://flic.kr/p/vyskU
Ramp off Highway 40, by Paul Sableman on flickr: https://flic.kr/p/e7ohZh
Creative Commons License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode
Public Domain Mark: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
HELPFUL REFERENCES
Jadassohn, Dr. Salomon. Manual of Harmony, translated from the German by Paul Torek. Breitkopf and Hartel, 1890. A Public Domain work.
Jadassohn, Dr. Salomon. Elementary Principles of Harmony for School and Self-Instruction. Breitkopf and Hartel, 1895. A Public Domain work.