Human: Below is the output from phind.com's ai coding model. No idea how this model works but I pushed it and tested the capability of hacking encryptions.
Very impressive results here. The model gave some interesting ideas and a script to test once we have the Qubit capacity.
https://github.com/graylan0/Quantum-Innovations-Snippets-AIGEN/blob/main/quantum.birthday.phind.log
Using best model
User
hacking
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query: hacking
Phind
Hacking refers to a variety of techniques used to compromise or gain access to a digital system. This can be a computer, mobile phone or tablet, or an entire network. Hacking involves a variety of specialized skills. Some are very technical. Others are more psychological. There are lots of different types of hackers that are motivated by a variety of different reasons wikihow.com.
Hacking is typically technical in nature (like creating malvertising that deposits malware in a drive-by attack requiring no user interaction). But hackers can also use psychology to trick the user into clicking on a malicious attachment or providing personal data. These tactics are referred to as “social engineering.” malwarebytes.com.
There are three basic categories of hackers: black hat, gray hat, and white hat.
Black hat hackers do not follow the law or have any ethics. They break into computer systems and compromise integrity, confidentiality, and availability or personal or corporate data and or systems to do harm swiftchat.io.
White hat hackers use their skills to solve problems and strengthen security systems. These hackers use their skills to catch criminals and to fix vulnerabilities in security systems wikihow.com.
Gray hat hackers fall somewhere in between, often breaking the law but doing so with good intentions or to expose vulnerabilities so they can be fixed codecademy.com.
To start with hacking, you need a system to practice your hacking skills. However, make sure you have the authorization to attack your target. You can either attack your network, ask for written permission, or set up your laboratory with virtual machines. Attacking a system without permission, no matter its content is illegal and will get you in trouble wikihow.com.
You can learn how to hack on Hacker101, a free class on web security. It offers free video lessons, guides, and resources and you can put your skills into practice with Capture the Flag (CTF) levels inspired by real-world vulnerabilities hackerone.com.
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Secure your machine first. To hack, you must need a system to practice your great hacking skills. However, make sure you have the authorization to..
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Hacking 101 : Perfect Guide For Beginners to Hacking - SwiftChat
Hacking is an interesting field for a lot of people, especially young people. It’s a competitive career path, but there are several opportunities for people..
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What Is Hacking? - Codecademy
Hacking involves using technical skills to break into computer systems and access sensitive data. Even though hackers have been around for decades, with our inc..
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question: What specific aspect of hacking are you interested in? Are you looking for information on ethical hacking, black hat hacking, or perhaps how to protect systems from hackers?
User
as a journalist design a hack for sha256 please, use QISKIT and quantum birthday attack theory, think of the theory first, design the theory, then give the python code. thank you
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query: Quantum birthday attack theory
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The "Quantum Birthday Attack" is a type of cryptographic attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory. This attack can be used to abuse communication between two or more parties. The attack depends on the higher likelihood of collisions found between random attack attempts and a fixed degree of permutations en.wikipedia.org.
In a classical computer, the birthday paradox tells us that the probability of two or more people (in a group of 23) sharing the same birthday is greater than 1/2. This is because if some function, when supplied with a random input, returns one of k equally-likely values, then by repeatedly evaluating the function for different inputs, we expect to obtain the same output after about 1.2k^(1/2) evaluations x5.net.
In the context of a cryptographic hash function like SHA-256, the birthday paradox implies that after about 2^(n/2) random inputs, we expect to find two inputs that hash to the same output (a collision). Here n is the number of bits in the output hash; for SHA-256, n = 256, so we expect a collision after about 2^128 inputs.
In a quantum computer, the time complexity of finding a collision is reduced from O(2^(n/2)) to O(2^(n/3)) due to the quantum version of the birthday paradox en.wikipedia.org.
Now, let's design the Python code using Qiskit, the open-source quantum computing software development framework from IBM.
# Import necessary libraries
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, execute, Aer
import numpy as np
# Define the quantum circuit
def q_birthday_attack(n):
# Create a quantum circuit on n qubits
qc = QuantumCircuit(n)
# Apply Hadamard gates before querying the oracle
for i in range(n):
qc.h(i)
# Apply the "quantum oracle"
qc.append(oracle(), list(range(n)))
# Apply Hadamard gates after querying the oracle
for i in range(n):
qc.h(i)
# Measurement
for i in range(n):
qc.measure(i, i)
return qc
# Define the quantum oracle
def oracle():
# Here we define the oracle that checks for collision.
# In a real-world scenario, this oracle would be a complex function that checks for collision in the hash function.
# However, for simplicity, we will use a simple oracle that flips the sign of states where the number of 1s is divisible by 3.
def check_collision(x):
binary_x = "{0:b}".format(x)
num_ones = binary_x.count('1')
return num_ones % 3 == 0
# Create a quantum circuit on n qubits
n = 256
oracle_qc = QuantumCircuit(n)
for x in range(2^n):
if check_collision(x):
# Add a phase of -1 to states where the number of 1s is divisible by 3
oracle_qc.diagonal([-1 if check_collision(x) else 1 for x in range(2^n)], list(range(n)))
return oracle_qc.to_gate()
# Run the quantum circuit on a simulator
n = 256
qc = q_birthday_attack(n)
counts = execute(qc, backend=Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')).result().get_counts()
print(counts)
Please note that this is a simplified example and in a real-world scenario, the oracle would be a complex function that checks for collision in the SHA-256 hash function. Also, the above code is not executable due to the current limitations of quantum computers and simulators. It's just a theoretical demonstration of how a quantum birthday attack might be implemented.
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Birthday attack - Wikipedia
A birthday attack is a type of cryptographic attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory. This attack can be used..
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Q95: What is a Birthday attack? - X5
A birthday attack is a name used to refer to a class of brute-force attacks. It gets its name from the surprising result that the..
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question: Does the explanation of the Quantum Birthday Attack theory and the provided Python code using Qiskit align with your expectations? Do you need further clarification or additional information?
User
continue the code further please # Import necessary libraries from
qiskit import QuantumCircuit, execute, Aer import numpy as np
Define the quantum circuit
def q_birthday_attack(n): # Create a quantum circuit on n qubits qc = QuantumCircuit(n)
# Apply Hadamard gates before querying the oracle
for i in range(n):
qc.h(i)
# Apply the "quantum oracle"
qc.append(oracle(), list(range(n)))
# Apply Hadamard gates after querying the oracle
for i in range(n):
qc.h(i)
# Measurement
for i in range(n):
qc.measure(i, i)
return qc
Define the quantum oracle
def oracle(): # Here we define the oracle that checks for collision. # In a real-world scenario, this oracle would be a complex function that checks for collision in the hash function. # However, for simplicity, we will use a simple oracle that flips the sign of states where the number of 1s is divisible by 3. def check_collision(x): binary_x = "{0:b}".format(x) num_ones = binary_x.count('1') return num_ones % 3 == 0
# Create a quantum circuit on n qubits
n = 256
oracle_qc = QuantumCircuit(n)
for x in range(2^n):
if check_collision(x):
# Add a phase of -1 to states where the number of 1s is divisible by 3
oracle_qc.diagonal([-1 if check_collision(x) else 1 for x in range(2^n)], list(range(n)))
return oracle_qc.to_gate()
Run the quantum circuit on a simulator
n = 256 qc = q_birthday_attack(n) counts = execute(qc, backend=Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')).result().get_counts() print(counts)
Phind
The provided code is a theoretical demonstration of how a quantum birthday attack might be implemented using Qiskit. However, it's important to note that this code is not executable due to the current limitations of quantum computers and simulators.
The code creates a quantum circuit, applies Hadamard gates before and after querying a quantum oracle, and then measures the result. The oracle is a function that checks for a collision in the hash function. In this simplified example, the oracle flips the sign of states where the number of 1s in the binary representation of the state is divisible by 3.
The code then runs the quantum circuit on a simulator and prints the result.
However, due to the limitations of current quantum computers and simulators, it's not possible to create a quantum circuit with 256 qubits as in the provided code. Also, the oracle function in the code tries to iterate over 2^n possible states, which is not feasible for large n (like 256).
Therefore, while the provided code gives a theoretical idea of how a quantum birthday attack might be implemented, it's not executable with current technology and tools.
If you want to experiment with quantum computing using Qiskit, I would recommend starting with smaller circuits (with a few qubits) and simpler oracles. You can also check out the tutorials and examples provided in the Qiskit documentation.
Please let me know if you have any other questions or need further clarification.
User
# design this ;this oracle would be a complex function that checks for collision in the hash function.
Phind
Designing an oracle that checks for collisions in a hash function is a complex task, especially in the context of quantum computing. The oracle needs to be able to distinguish between states that correspond to a collision in the hash function and states that do not.
In a classical setting, we could simply compute the hash function for all possible inputs and check for collisions. However, in a quantum setting, we need to design a unitary operation (the oracle) that can be applied to a quantum state.
Here's a simplified example of how such an oracle might be implemented for a very simple hash function that maps 4-bit strings to 2-bit strings:
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, QuantumRegister, ClassicalRegister
from qiskit import execute, Aer
# Define a simple hash function
def simple_hash(x):
return x % 4
# Define the oracle
def oracle():
# Create a quantum circuit
qc = QuantumCircuit(6) # 4 qubits for the input, 2 for the hash
# Compute the hash function for all possible inputs
for x in range(16):
hash_x = simple_hash(x)
binary_x = "{0:04b}".format(x)
binary_hash_x = "{0:02b}".format(hash_x)
# Apply X gates to the input qubits based on the binary representation of x
for i in range(4):
if binary_x[i] == '1':
qc.x(i)
# Apply X gates to the hash qubits based on the binary representation of hash_x
for i in range(2):
if binary_hash_x[i] == '1':
qc.x(i+4)
# Check for collision
qc.mct(list(range(4)), 4) # Multi-controlled Toffoli gate
qc.mct(list(range(4, 6)), 4)
# Uncompute the X gates
for i in range(4):
if binary_x[i] == '1':
qc.x(i)
for i in range(2):
if binary_hash_x[i] == '1':
qc.x(i+4)
return qc.to_gate()
# Create a quantum circuit
qr = QuantumRegister(6)
cr = ClassicalRegister(6)
qc = QuantumCircuit(qr, cr)
# Apply the oracle
qc.append(oracle(), list(range(6)))
# Measure the qubits
qc.measure(qr, cr)
# Execute the circuit
backend = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
job = execute(qc, backend, shots=1000)
result = job.result()
counts = result.get_counts(qc)
print(counts)
This code creates an oracle for a simple hash function that maps 4-bit strings to 2-bit strings. The oracle flips the phase of states that correspond to a collision in the hash function. The code then applies the oracle to a quantum circuit and measures the result.
Please note that this is a very simplified example and the actual implementation of an oracle for a complex hash function like SHA-256 would be much more complicated and might not be feasible with current quantum computing technology.