DARK MATTER DON'T MATTER NO MORE; An electrical explanation to a de...

Image courtesy of Wikimedia
When the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland first proposed electric currents in space, his hypothesis was rejected by the renowned Lord Kelvin, a significant figure in the scientific community, as preposterous because everyone knew space was an empty void. It would be many decades later that it would be discovered that such currents do exist, and as such, were named after the intuitively intrepid Kristian Birkeland.

Terrella experiment showing electric currents that lead Birkeland to postulate their existence. Image is from the book, The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903, Volume 1: On the Cause of Magnetic Storms and The Origin of Terrestrial Magnetism, Section 2. Chapter VI: p.667 (published in 1913), By Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917)

K.Birkeland's terrella experiment -the terrella was a magnetized sphere in a vacuum chamber bombarded with electric current. These were once used to model the Earth's magnetosphere but have now been replaced by computer simulations, which in the realm of science simply do not compare to a real experiment.Image courtesy of Kristian Birkeland., The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition 1902-1903

In the meantime, in 1933, Fritz Zwicky claimed that there was much more matter in the universe than we can see as it had been discovered that the outer stars in galaxies revolve around their galactic centres with velocities that, according to Newtonian dynamics are much too high, and so it was proposed and has been part of the standard model for some eighty-odd years that there is some unseen matter whose gravity is causing the observed phenomenon and it became known as "Dark Matter".

Image courtesy of PBS.org

Dark Matter, a contradictory substance for it has no baryonic signature, no electromagnetism yet somehow produces "gravitational effects" in our baryonic universe, and if that isn't enough, according to their calculations the mathemagicians claimed that the vast majority of stuff in the universe is made of this invisible stuff to the tune of around 90-97% when its cousin "Dark Energy" is included. Well, the discovery of this stuff that hadn't really been discovered(only hypothesized), but for most is accepted and a part of the standard model initiated a search, and for 85 years they have scoured the heavens for Dark Matter to absolutely no avail, costing untold millions of dollars.

Lately, things have not been looking good for Dark Matter, especially on "Dark Matter Day", when Dr Scott Donaldson, lead scientist on the Dark Energy survey, Chair of Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, when speaking on Dark Matter and Dark Energy said. "My bet is that we're looking at things all wrong. Someone is going to come around and figure out how to make sense of all the data without evoking a mysterious new substance."

This seemed to unlock a door, for within two weeks articles were published in Science magazines questioning the existence of Dark Matter and Dark energy.
Does Dark Matter and Dark Energy Exist? asked Phys.org.

"in spite of enormous science resources, no theory or observation has been able to define this energy that is allegedly stronger than Newton's gravitational attraction. In short, dark matter and dark energy are mysteries that have stumped astronomers for decades.".....Phys.org Nov 22, 2017

Around the same time, a team of astronomers at the University of Groningen measured the motion of fifteen stars in a small galaxy outside the Milky Way called the Sculptor Galaxy, the first such measurements ever made of an extra-galaxial(newly made up word) galaxy. And what they found suggests that the standard theoretical model used to describe the motion of stars is invalid.

First proper motions measured for stars in a small galaxy outside Milky Way

‘ Next, we determined how the stars move in this small galaxy, which is quantified by the anisotropy parameter. If high, the stars have very elongated trajectories, if very small, they have circular orbits. Knowing this allows us to pin down the properties of the dark matter halo in which the galaxy is embedded. ‘But our measured value was very surprising, and wasn’t allowed by standard models.’

In the magazine Nature, an article titled "Dark Matter Hunt Fails to Find Elusive Particle" is published in which the author Elizabeth Gibney states,"The latest results from an experiment called XENON1T at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy, published on 30 October 1 continue a dry spell stretching back 30 years in the quest to nab dark-matter particles. An attempt by a Chinese team to detect the elusive stuff, the results of which were published on the same day2, also came up empty-handed. Ongoing attempts by space-based telescopes, as well as at CERN, the European particle-physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland, have also not spotted any hints of dark-matter particles."

Dark Matter detector Xenon1t (Photo by Roberto Corrieri and Patrick De Perio)

“We do not understand how the Universe works at a deeper and more profound level than most of us care to admit,” says Stacy McGaugh, an astrophysicist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.

In a Forbes magazine article titled The Dark History of Dark Matter it is put quite succinctly.

"Either galaxies contained significant dark matter or our understanding of gravity was very wrong."

Is Einsteinian Gravity; an exercise in pseudo-science?

Image courtesy of quotesideas.com

In this 21st century, it is tantamount to scientific heresy to question the theories of Einstein, such is his rise to sainthood by the church of Einstein, even though he himself doubted his theories would pass the test of time. There is no questioning his significance and contribution to science, but it should always be remembered that even geniuses can be wrong, as well, the words of Karl Popper so let us not retire from the game.

When it comes to science, when observations do not meet predictions or when a model does not predict what is observed, it should cause a questioning of the model especially when the proofs for the model are largely unfalsifiable. Unfortunately, science does not always work that way. Egotism is as prevalent among scientists as it is in the general population.

We are told that gravity rules the universe, it is the prime motivator and so any hypothesis used to describe an observed effect has gravity at its core, but, gravity is a weak force in comparison to the electric field which is 10^39 times stronger according to Wal Thornhill at his website, Holoscience. That is a thousand billion billion billion billion times stronger. To get around this, it is said that the electric field is neutralized due to the charges being nearly balanced. I have seen statements like this pop up regularly in defence of the standard model(physics textbooks) and as a statement, it is on par with other absurd statements such as, "she's nearly pregnant". Quite often a thing either is or it isn't, there is no midway. If the electric charge is "nearly balanced", it is therefore not balanced and electric potential, as anyone with a basic understanding of electricity will tell you is the product of charge imbalance.

Distribution of dark matter looking much like neural pathways of the brain, but may well actually be Birkeland Currents in deep space. ILLUSTRATION COURTESY VOLKER SPRINGEL, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR ASTROPHYSICS, ET AL

According to orbital dynamicists, Newtonian gravity when applied to our solar system produces chaos in the short term of a few million years and in particular failed to explain perihelion of Mercury which is provided as proof of Einsteinian gravity, which as a mathematical model does explain gravity. As for his thought experiment that produced the space-time fabric where are the explanations to these questions that so few seem interested in asking, never mind answering. How, in real terms, does matter tell space and time how to curve? What does it mean to curve time when it has no physical dimension or direction? In this Einstein waded into pseudo-science by reifying concepts with physical properties.

Space is a location in three dimensions, x,y,z, and has no inherent physical properties outside of the stuff inhabiting that location and therefore is a concept.

Time, is not the mechanical ticking of a clock, although a useful tool for measuring change/processes, these arbitrary units,sec.,min.hrs, the universe cares not. Time in its purest sense is that which allows for change and is, therefore, a concept.

The melding of two concepts cannot produce a thing without an electromagnetic signature that interacts with matter that has an electromagnetic signature.

Then to add to the confusion is the acceptance of a gravitational constant "G" whose value is determined by a measurement here on the surface of the Earth and according to a New Scientist article from 22 September 2002, “Newton’s constant, which describes the strength of the gravitational pull that bodies exert on each other, is the most poorly determined of the constants of nature. The two most accurate measurements have experimental errors of 1 part in 10,000, yet their values differ by 10 times that amount. So physicists are left with no idea of its absolute value.”

Then there is the circumstantial evidence suggesting that earth's gravity has varied wildly throughout its history. Early dinosaur discoveries forced the conclusion that these massive creatures were limited to wading in water to offset their crushing weight with water's buoyancy. In the book ' A Voyage of Discovery: A history of ideas about the earth' published in 2005, L. Endersbee wrote, "The force of gravity at the surface of the earth must have been very much lower than it is today."

Titanosaur weighing approx. 80-100 tons under modern gravity would crush them considering the known limitations of bone and muscle. The leveraged weight of their heads extended forward as in the pic would be unsupportable by any known metals.

Yet, this inconsistent absolute value of "G" is used to determine the masses of all stellar objects and this unexplained quality called gravity, while little understood is claimed to be the be all and end all of all astrophysical observations, not excluding the failed hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. And it is situations like this, where there is adherence to constants and laws that are unproven that bring rise to the question, Is modern science in need of a reformulation?, to which I wrote about here.

Image courtesy of Donald E. Scott

So, is there some way to explain these observations of stars on the outer rims of galaxies? Dr Don Scott, former professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Massachusetts, author of the book, The Electric Sky has published a paper in the magazine 'Progress in Physics', claiming that Birkeland Currents play an integral role in the observed phenomena. In his preamble in the paper, he states, *"A straight-forward application of basic electrical definitions and one of Maxwell’s divergence equations provide an extension of the Bessel function model of force-free, field-aligned currents (FAC). This extended model offers descriptions of the charge density, electric-field strength, velocity profile, and voltage profile, each as a function of radial value, r, within the cross-section of the FAC structure. The resulting model exhibits an obvious correspondence with the results of the Marklund convection process in plasma filaments.
Image courtesy of Everythingselectric

Most importantly, it shows that observed stellar velocity profiles in galaxies are now accurately predicted without invocations of Dark Matter, WIMPs, or MACHOs."*

Birkeland Currents and Dark Matter

Dr Scott further states in his Results and conclusions. "One incidental result of this work strongly supports the existence of the voltage profile necessary for Marklund convection to occur in plasma filaments. See sections 9 and 10
above. However, the principal result presented here is the revelation of the actual cause of ’anomalous’ stellar rotation profiles in galaxies. Since the beginning of space research, most astrophysicists have asserted that electric fields, and currents, are not important in space phenomena [13]. Because of this rejection of electrical science and experimental plasma engineering, all efforts to explain why the outer stars in galaxies revolve around their galactic centers with velocities that, according to Newtonian dynamics, are too high have failed."

"This eighty-five year quest for a dark matter explanation of galactic stellar rotation profiles has produced only null results. Inserting a galaxy’s charge density profile into the Birkeland Current Bessel function model now provides an elegantly simple answer."

"Recently, scientific attention is becoming focused on discoveries of linkages among galaxies previously thought to be isolated from each other. Wide-field telescope observations of the remote universe, have revealed an immense string of galaxies about 300 million light-years long. New research suggests that galaxies are connected to one another with streams of hot thin ionized gas (hydrogen plasma) called the intergalactic medium or IGM. Observations show a narrow filament, one million light-years long, flowing into a quasar, perhaps fueling the growth of the galaxy that hosts the quasar."

"The work being presented here demonstrates that the root cause of the now vast collection of observed ’anomalous’ galactic stellar rotation profiles is the electrical nature of the Birkeland Currents on which those galaxies have been or are being formed."

Don Scott and Wal Thornhill, without whom much of this article would not have been possiblem. Image courtesy of Holoscience.com