Women of Science: Amalie Emmy Noether.

As far as the history of science is concerned, it is impressive how discrimination against women was so intense and destructive in the eras before the 21st century, times when cultural stereotypes did not accept that as pure and perfect as it is for I the woman, that dont had the right to something other than attend the housework, dedicate to her and motherhood, submerged in a male chauvinist world where it was considered that women could not be intelligent reason why many women decided not to study anything referring to the exact sciences. It was impossible to accept that the developments and contributions made even to scientists like Plato, Aristotle, Newton, Einstein among others were works of women, where they stood out with such quality, subtlety, firmness and great perseverance, overcoming all the obstacles that the The same society imposed them. An example of this is this great and brilliant woman who with her intelligence, perseverance and conviction of her ideals and purposes broke paradigms that until her time were lived with so much intensity on females, this woman whom I describe and who is worthy of admiration and respect for his courage and integrity is about Emmy Noether. Therefore I want to share a little about what was his life and the works developed by this disciplined woman.

Emmy Noether was a brilliant woman born in Erlangen, Germany on March 23, 1882, in the bosom of a Jewish family. His father, Max Noether, was a professor of mathematics at the University of Erlangen and his mother, Ida Kauffmann, was a woman of the wealthy bourgeoisie of Cologne. Emmy was the oldest of four brothers and was part of a family of mathematicians of several generations.

In 1889 Emmy began her studies at the Höhere Töchter Schule, in her hometown, where she stayed until 1897. Because her father was a university professor, she began to attend her classes although not unofficially, because in those early years of the Twentieth century, as a woman, they did not have the right to access a university registration, for his perseverance and drive to grow academically, three years later he managed to access the University of Gotinga, under the same academic conditions, in an official way to specialize his studies in mathematics, attending classes of mathematicians such as Blumethal, Hilbert, Klein and Hermann Minkowski. so after three years (in 1907) of much study and enthusiasm for fulfilling his purposes, he received his doctorate with mention summa cum laude with a famous work on the construction of the formal systems of ternary biquadratic forms; his studies in this field were immediately appreciated by Albert Einstein, who would use his contributions for the formulation of some aspects of general relativity.

She worked as a teacher at the Mathematics Institute of Erlangen for 7 years, often replacing her own father, but without receiving a salary, because of her feminine condition. In those days, in addition to her role as a teacher, Emmy worked with some of the leading scientists of the time, formulated important theories and drafted studies on algebra.

In 1915 he returned to Gotinga where he taught at the University, again without being a head teacher, but as an assistant to other professors and receiving, in addition, the contempt of some students and academics who did not see with good eyes the female presence in a temple of knowledge.

Emmy Noether's research exercised a wide and profound influence on the development of modern algebra and topology. Noether studied the mathematical concepts of ring and ideal, unified in a single theoretical body the different previous approaches and reformulated the theory of algebraic invariants in the framework of it; He thus provided a new approach to algebraic geometry.

In 1908 she was elected member of the Palermo Mathematical Circle. In 1909 he became a member of the Mathematiker Vereiningung.

In 1918 he formulated the theorem that would receive his name, due to the great importance it meant for modern physics and that some scientists put at the same height as the Pythagorean Theorem.

Emmy traveled to Russia where he worked with Russian scientists at the Moscow State University. In 1932 he received the Ackermann-Teubner Memorial Prize along with Emil Artin for his dedication and great contribution to the mathematical sciences. An award that earned him money that was very helpful, because until then he had lived on the help provided by his family. That same year he traveled to Zurich where he participated as a lecturer at the International Congress of Mathematicians.

The academic and scientific success of Emmy was truncated with the arrival of Nazism and the expulsion of Jews from all public places, including universities in 1933, since the law imposed by them limited it to continue imparting their knowledge in that entity by its condition feminine, Jewish, social democratic, and pacifist. That is why Emmy decided to emigrate to the United States and accept the offer to teach at Bryn Mawr College and at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Princeton, New Jersey.

He wrote some 45 research papers and was the inspiration of other great names in mathematics such as Max Deuring, Hans Fitting, Chiungtze Tsen or Olga Taussky Todd, among others. During the almost thirty years that he was dedicated to teaching and research he never received a living wage.

Although on the other side of the world, Emmy also received some contempt from some professors and scientists, his life was calm and happy until a tumor truncated his existence. In 1935 he was diagnosed with a pelvic tumor and an ovarian cyst that ended his life on April 14 of that same year. His ashes were deposited in the Library of the M.Carey Thomas Library of Brun Mawr. His scientific legacy was since recognized throughout the world.

• Today, your contributions are essential in the development of algebra and fundamental physics.

• Despite all the restrictions and injustices received by a society so macho and radical, not only founded school, but changed the focus and strategy of an entire discipline, becoming an example of overcoming, perseverance and discipline that has marked in the world of science through the years.

• Noether is one of the great women and belongs, in full right, to the group of illustrious mathematical creators throughout history.