Working principle of CI engine:
In four-stroke cycle engines there are four strokes completing two revolutions of the crankshaft. These are respectively: The suction, Compression, Power and Exhaust strokes.
Fig: P-V diagram of CI Engine
Suction stroke:
In suction stroke, inlet valve is opened and exhaust valve is closed. Air, which has been drawn into the cylinder during the suction stroke, is progressively compressed as the piston ascends. The compression ratio usually varies from 14:1 to 22:1. The pressure at the end of the compression stroke ranges from 30 to 45 kg/cm2.
Compression stroke:
Both valves are closed. As the air is progressively compressed in the cylinder, its temperature increases, until when near the end of the compression stroke, it becomes sufficiently high (650-800 C) to instantly ignite any fuel that is injected into the cylinder. When the piston is near the top of its compression stroke, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, such as diesel oil, is sprayed into the combustion chamber under high pressure (140-160 kg/cm2), higher than that existing in the cylinder itself.
Power Stroke:
This fuel then ignites, being burnt with the oxygen of the highly compressed air. During the fuel injection period, the piston reaches the end of its compression stroke and commences to return on its third consecutive stroke, viz., power stroke. During this nitrogen left from the compressed air expand, thus forcing the piston downward. This is only the working stroke of the cylinder. During the power stroke the pressure falls from its maximum combustion value (47-55 kg/cm2), which is usually higher than the greater value of the compression pressure (45 kg/cm2), to about 3.5-5 kg/cm2 near the end of the stroke. The exhaust valve then opens, usually a little earlier than when the piston reaches its lowest point of travel.
Exhaust Stroke:
The exhaust gases are swept out on the following upward stroke of the piston. The The reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into the rotary motion of the