3-D radiation magneto-hydrodynamic FLASH simulation of the experiment, performed on the Mira supercomputer at Argonne National Laboratory. The values demonstrate strong amplification of the seed magnetic fields by a turbulent dynamo. Credit: Petros Tzeferacos/University of Chicago
When Kristian Birkeland declared that there were electric currents in space he was mocked by the like of Lord Kelvin because Kelvin believed space was empty. A few years later and with this belief that space is empty Einstein developed his theory of gravity and it was declared universal, given a constant even though such a declaration and a constant were "unfalsifiable". When magnetic fields became known to scientists on earth they first determined it must be due to a dynamo. In the case of the Earth, they said there was a molten core which is kind of odd as there is a thing called the Curie effect and it is when molten substance loses any magnetic properties.
In the last few decades, more and more magnetic fields have been discovered in space and this has left astrophysicists in a conundrum because from within their gravity paradigm they could not explain their presence. Anyone with basic electrical understanding can tell you that electric current produces a magnetic field or where there is a magnetic field in space there is an electric current.
A paper published in Nature Communications titled, "Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma' is the first laboratory experiment that demonstrates one of the most popular theories for cosmic magnetic field generation. What they did was to create a penny-sized piece of turbulent plasma that would only last a few billionths of a second and were able to observe how the turbulent motions amplified a weak magnetic field to those observed in space.
"We now know for sure that turbulent dynamo exists, and that it's one of the mechanisms that can actually explain magnetization of the universe," said Petros Tzeferacos, research assistant professor of astronomy and astrophysics and associate director of the Flash Center. "This is something that we hoped we knew, but now we do."
The only turbulent dynamo that exists that is observed nearby is that of the sun as seen in this image of the "ballerina skirt" aka 'the Parker Spiral' and it is a dynamo for the sun is condensed matter that spins. We know this due to the variation in spin from its equator to its poles.
Alfven's ballerina skirt aka Parker spiral. Image courtesy of Wikipedia
Cross section of the Heliospheric current sheet. Image courtesy of Popflock.com
Variation in the Sun's rotation. Image courtesy of Live Science
The solar wind is a stream of plasma released from the sun's upper atmosphere and travels at supersonic speeds (400-800km/s). Consisting of mostly electrons and protons with energies between 1.5 and 10,000eV, it varies in temperature, density and speed, reaching the higher speeds when a coronal hole is present. The reason for the variability of energy is that it is difficult to take readings of energy in space. For the longest time and still to a great degree these energies are ignored or deemed insignificant even though Hannes Alfven in his acceptance speech for the Nobel in his work on magnetohydrodynamics stated that double layers need to "be classified as a new type of celestial object" Double layers act as a capacitor allowing charges to build up.
Electricity is generated by electromagnetic induction. Image courtesy of slideshow
Plasma is highly conductive with a near to zero resistance and as the paper published by Nature Communications reveals, when that plasma is turbulent, such as that coming from the sun shaped like a 'ballerina skirt' it is capable of strengthening a magnetic field. What they don't mention is that for the magnetic field to be strengthened it must produce more electron volts. The stronger the electric current, the stronger the magnetic field. There-by essentially proving the electric universe while at the same time as avoiding mentioning it.
Resources
Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter — The Sun on Trial: Liquid Metallic Hydrogen as a Solar Building Block
Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma
Double layers and circuits in astrophysics
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