Introduction
SwiftCash is an open-source, self-funded system of decentralized governance and economy born out of a desire to create a digital store of value with a consistent and stable growth model, as well as a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency for daily transactional use. SwiftCash uses the revolutionary Proof-of-Stake algorithm to reach consensus and allows up to 70% of future block rewards to be spent on proposals that are embraced by the community — stakeholders. Therefore, 30% of maximum monthly inflation goes directly to stakeholders who help secure the network, and whether the rest is mined or how it’s spent will also be decided by the stakeholders.
The revolutionary Proof-of-Stake algorithm offers a solution to the problem posed by the exponential increase in energy consumed by Bitcoin, and other Proof-of-Work cryptocurrencies. Proof-of-Work mining is environmentally unsustainable due to the electricity used by high-powered mining hardware and anyone can attack the network and double spend by acquiring 51% of the network’s hash power. SwiftCash utilizes the green protocol, an energy-efficient Proof-of-Stake algorithm, which can be mined on any computer, and will never require specialized mining equipment. The green protocol offers a simple solution to sustainability issues posed by Bitcoin and other Proof-of-Work cryptocurrencies, and provides a faster, and more scalable blockchain that is better suited for daily transactional use.
Mining - The superiority of PoS over PoW
A lot of Proof-of-Work cryptocurrencies have come under what is known as 51% attacks, since their invention. These attacks are possible only when the exploiter can acquire more than half of the network’s hash power, often by renting this power from online businesses such as nicehash. One common solution to these attacks on Proof-of-Work networks is to centralize the mining of blocks. In this method, miners are required to sign each block with a private key that is issued by central authorities, such as the developers. Proof-of-Stake mining on the other hand, which is also known as “staking”, is fully decentralized. Anyone with a stake in the blockchain can try to find and register new blocks, and a 51% attack is going to require the attacker to acquire 51% of the network’s active stake that is online and staking.
Therefore, the more stakeholders participate in mining or staking, the more secure the network becomes, as the cost of an attack increases. This is reflected in what is known as the difficulty. With Proof-of-Work mining, the attackers can invest in a strong mining infrastructure once, and use it to attack as many Proof-of-Work blockchains as they want, whereas with Proof-of-Stake mining, also known as “staking” or “minting”, the attackers will have to invest in each blockchain individually, and each time they attack a blockchain, they also attack their own investment! Another thing that makes Proof-of-Stake mining a better solution, is saving money on energy costs and being friendly to the environment. To give an example of how extraordinary the difference is, it might be noteworthy to point out that Bitcoin mining for example, at the time of writing this, consumes more electricity a year than the whole country of Ireland! And last but not least, the revolutionary Proof-of-Stake algorithm gives the inflation to stakeholders rather than third-party miners, who may not be invested in the blockchain.
Technical Specifications
Block Time: 1 minute
Difficulty Adjustment Timespan: 40 blocks
Difficulty Adjustment Interval: Every block
Hashing Algorithm: Keccak
Maximum Supply: 5,000,000,000
Maximum Block Rewards: (20×200×525600)÷(20×525600+blockHeight)
Minimum Block Rewards: (20×60×525600)÷(20×525600+blockHeight)
Distribution: SwiftNodes: 20%, PoS Miners: 10%, Proposals: 70%
Proposal Fee: 100 SWIFT
Budget Fee: 10 SWIFT
Initial Distribution
SwiftCash started with less than 2% of its maximum supply, with forkdrops on most SmartCash addresses as of September 1st, 2018. More details about the initial distribution can be found in the earlier editions of the whitepaper on STEEM and GitHub.
Decentralized Governance
SwiftCash uses a decentralized system of governance to reach consensus about the direction and scope of development, support and outreach activities. Higher stake will have higher voting power and so this way, all key decisions will ultimately be made by active stakeholders. In order to be able to vote, stakeholders need to setup and maintain a SwiftNode, also known as a Masternode. SwiftNodes require 50K SWIFT, plus a VPS, as well as a unique IPv4 address.
Our vision of governance is that proposals can even be submitted to hard fork the main chain, and if enough stakeholders want to fork, who can stand in their way?! After all, the blockchain belongs to stakeholders and therefore, it is crucial for stakeholders to continue to be actively involved in key decisions by voting yes, no or abstain to proposals. SwiftCash does not have any hard-coded address that is going to continually get paid, no matter what. Each payment from the community treasuries needs approval from stakeholders through proposals and onchain voting. This includes any payment made to developers, or anyone else involved in the community. Everyone has to go through the same process to get paid anything from the budget. Stakeholders will have the final say at the end of the day, and will hire and fire contractors as pleased.
A maximum of 70% of our theoretical block rewards are set aside for budgeting, out of which currently 10% are set aside for SwiftRewards. The percentage of future block rewards set aside for SwiftRewards is expected to rise 5% every year until it reaches 60% in 2029. That means budget ceiling for other activities such as funding development is expected to decline 5% every year until it reaches 10% in 2029. If the total budget is used every month, maximum supply of 5 billion coins will reach in about 185 years. However, given past data, this is an extremely unlikely scenario. The more likely scenario will be that at least about 30-40% of the theoretical block rewards will turn into future reserves, which means that it will take us more than 500 years to run out of block rewards, and rely on fees and donations only.
Proposals & Budgets
The cost for submitting a proposal is 100 SWIFT and once a proposal passes, 10 SWIFT will be required to finalize the budget in the blockchain, so that passed proposals can get paid in the next superblock. Superblocks are a few blocks, in which proposals that have passed get paid, and this happens every 43,200 block or appx. every month. Proposals need to be submitted and available on chain for at least 10 days before they can be finalized and get paid. Finalization happens 2 days before each superblock; therefore, the deadline for each submission is 17,280 blocks or appx. 12 days before each superblock.
Each proposal can only ask for a maximum of 20% of the maximum monthly budget. In case there are more winning proposals than the maximum available budget, proposals with more votes will be finalized and get paid. Each proposal will need a minimum of 10% of the network in yes votes(Yeas), minus no votes(Nays), in order to pass. That means if there are 1,000 SwiftNodes, a proposal will need at least 100 Yeas vs. 0 Nays, or 150 Yeas vs. 50 Nays in case of a 20% participation rate. Therefore, the lower the participation rate, the more the required passing point. This means that in case of 100% participation, required passing point will be 55%, whereas in case of 10% participation, which is the minimum participation rate required for any proposal to pass, required passing point will be 100%. That is to say if only 10% participate, everyone who participates must vote yes for the proposal to pass.
Due to the nature of continuously diminishing block rewards and its effect on the markets, only a maximum of 3 payments per proposal can be asked for. Longer-term proposals will need to be re-submitted every 3 months; votes can be updated one hour after each submission, and that includes votes on proposals that have already passed and got paid once or more. Furthermore, a URL must be attached while submitting a proposal, which should include the details of the proposal. The recommended platform for the details of proposals and also any pre-proposal is the STEEM blockchain which is not only independent from SwiftCash, but also decentralized and resistant towards censorship. Recommended hashtags for SwiftCash proposals and pre-proposals are #swiftproposal and #swiftpreproposal respectively.
SwiftRewards — Beating the Bears
The idea behind SwiftRewards is a way to not only help stabilize the price, but to also reward long-term holders, in case price depreciates. The more price depreciates, the more rewards would holders receive. If however price does not depreciate, there would be no airdrops on holders. Minimum required balance to be eligible for SwiftRewards will be 1,000 SWIFT, and any outgoing transaction from an address during any snapshot will disqualify that address, unless it’s a Proof-of-Stake transaction, or all of the value taken, is returned to the address in the same transaction. In this case, up to 0.005 SWIFT is covered for fees and if the transaction fee is greater than 0.005 SWIFT, it can be covered via an extra input from an address that is already disqualified. This is pretty useful if a SwiftNode owner wants to stake the rewards of their SwiftNode in one collateral. Last but not least, in order to filter zombie addresses, only addresses are rewarded that have had at least one valid transaction during the specified snapshot. This can happen automatically, in case the address stakes or has an active SwiftNode collateral during the snapshot. There will be 4 tiers for SwiftRewards:
Tier 1: Every 43,800 block - appx. 1 month
Tier 2: Every 131,400 block - appx. 3 months
Tier 3: Every 262,800 block - appx. 6 months
Tier 4: Every 525,600 block - appx. 12 months
As a result, there would be one possible airdrop each month, two possible airdrops every three months, three possible airdrops every six months and four possible airdrops every twelve months. As mentioned above, those who hold longer, would be rewarded more, if price depreciates; and the more price depreciates, the more rewards will be dropped on holders! These airdrops will be done by community ambassadors via a multisig address and the required funds and elected ambassadors will need to gain approval from stakeholders via a proposal. SwiftRewards will be a maximum of 4%, 3%, 2% and 1% of block rewards for tier 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively in year 2019 - i.e. a maximum total of 10% of future block rewards. By 2029, SwiftRewards will be a maximum of 24%, 18%, 12%, and 6% of block rewards for tier 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Given the allocation of maximum 10% of block rewards to SwiftRewards in 2019, for tier 1, each 1% drop in the average price from the start of the snapshot to the end, results in 0.08% of future block rewards being dropped on holders. First snapshot for each tier begins one snapshot late to make things fair to the future adopters. That means, first snapshot for tier 1 will start at block 43,800 while first snapshot for tier 4 will start at block 525,600. To give an example, if the average price is recorded as 0.10 USD at block 43,800 and then becomes 0.075 USD by block 87,600, holders will receive 2% of the block rewards during that period. That is 25 times 0.08% due to 25% drop in the average price. Price drops of more than 50% will not affect the amount of airdrop, since the maximum amount of available coins to airdrop will be reached.
Block Rewards & Inflation
Block rewards are set to be only 15 SWIFT per block up to block 10,000. This is to make the launch fair and give the community about one week to set up their wallets for staking and/or servers for SwiftNodes. From block 10,000 rewards will start with 200 SWIFT per block theoretically, but only 30% of this amount will be mined every block, which will be split between SwiftNodoes and PoS miners, with a ratio of 2 to 1. The rest of the theoretical block rewards are set aside for budgeting, and will only be mined on demand via proposals, should enough stakeholders or SwiftNode owners to be specific, vote yes.
Block rewards are set to fall gradually to zero and the gradual curve is very slow and becomes even slower as time goes by. It will take 20 years for block rewards to halve for the first time; second halving will take an additional 40 years, third halving will take an additional 80 years, and so on. This gives us a maximum inflation of appx. 120% in the first year, 54% in the second year, and so forth. Maximum inflation however is most likely not going to occur due to unused treasuries which turn into future reserves.
Furthermore, as an example, Bitcoin has mined over 80% of its maximum supply in less than 12 years, and Litecoin has mined over 70% of its maximum supply in less than 8 years, while if we consistently use the whole budget, which is very unlikely as explained above, it is going to take us 30 years to reach 40% of our maximum supply! That is great news for future adopters and we do this because we have a long-term goal; what we want is a decentralized cryptocurrency and economy to benefit everyone in the world in decades to come. The following chart depicts the annual inflation of SwiftCash within the first 17 years, with the assumption that 30% of the theoretical block rewards will turn into future reserves due to unused treasuries. As depicted below, annual inflation in the first year would be about 90%, and would reach 2% in the 17th year.
SwiftCash monetary base with the same assumption that 30% of the theoretical block rewards should turn into future reserves, will look like below. As it can be seen, it will take us more than 500 years to reach our maximum supply of 5 billion coins.
In order to get an insight into how slow our block rewards are going to decrease, we can have a look at the following chart which depicts the SwiftNode rewards in the first 60 years. As it can be seen, SwiftNodes will initially get about 40 SWIFT per block, and by the end of the 60th year, they will be getting about 10 SWIFT per block. The radically slow curve is designed by intention to not only stabilize the price as we grow, but to also decentralize the distribution of block rewards by making inflation fairer to future adopters, compared to most cryptocurrencies out there.
