Terrorism or as it is called today “Plague of the era” is a grim phenomenon was born since the birth of human societies and has evolved as other phenomena by taking advantage of scientific advances to activate its ways and means. Terrorists have many goals and they expanded their geography to include the whole world, without distinction between developed countries or undeveloped, whether attack poor or rich state, or if these sates apply the democratic system or other systems. Even though the world's attention to terrorism phenomena took a great deal of attention by politicians, leaders and officials in many countries of the world, but they did not yet agree on a clear specific concept and definition on a terrorist attack, even many of these countries included it in its legislation, As the United States of America especially after the terrorist attacks of eleven September. The reasons and motivations beyond a terrorist act depending on the target and from whom was done (individual, group or state); because the terrorist attack come from an individual or a group, it is only a spontaneous reaction to internal or external factors. There are Different interpretations of the motives that led to a growing phenomenon of terrorism among some confirms that the incidence of competition and global conflict helped fuel the growth of this phenomenon, and among others who argue that terrorism is a natural phenomenon can appear in any community affected by various factors including: political, economic, social, religious and ideological environment.
Terrorism is a global phenomenon, ancient / modern, it is not related to specific religion or country, it changes its methods and forms but remains relating to man regardless to his origin.
The world witnessed since last decade of the last century growing in terrorism at the global level, so it has become since beginning of this century, one of the most important international issues of the conflict despite the prolonged history of terrorism, but it was not at this level of influence and effectiveness of the overall international interactions as we are witnessing today and did not has this volume of destruction and devastation and bloodshed. the new terrorism manifested itself clearly in the events of eleven September 2003 carried out by al-Qaeda, the United States lost thousands of people, in addition to the financial costs, which were estimated at $ 2 trillion, which is equivalent to half of the US GDP for the same year.
While the international affairs pursue from decades concerning national country as the active player in the field of international relations, the new and evolved events which has been occurred in the world has imposed active player in the international affairs other than states which are non-state actors, and sub-national actors, as the league of nations which was established in a multi-polar world after the first world war ,then the united nations which came by the end of the second world war in the bilateral polar world ,after that regional organization came into light as European union and the league of Arab state in addition to some individual figures who they have global influence, in addition to global economic institutions ,and at the last ,came into the scene the emerge of terrorist groups and organizations which they have arachnoid organizational and logistical capabilities besides enormous armament .
Global powers realized at early stage the importance of the growing role of terrorist groups around the world, then rushed to exploit them in serving their agendas, according to the principle “management through crisis”
Terrorism employment in the Global Conflict.
Balkan, Yugoslavia, Serbia and Bosnia,
Bill Clinton administration gave the green light for arming Bosnians Muslims , between 1992 till January 1996, there was a huge flood of Arms and military advisors to , furthermore many Islamic states participated in sending fighters from Afghanistan, Chechen, Yemen and Algeria, some of them were in relation with bin Laden’s training camps. During the war in Bosnia there was a smuggling tunnel for delivering arms to through Croatia, this tunnel was run by CIA and Turkish intelligence further to Islamic extremist organizations including “Al Mujahidin Al Afghan”, Moreover, intelligence services of Ukraine, Israel and Greek were supporting and financing Serbs of Bosnia. The landscape was; all the global powers besides several intelligence services were financing and arming all parties in pursuit of fueling the conflict and break up Yugoslavia in service for their colonial goals in the region. . In 1992 “struggle Bureau“ in Brooklyn made from Bosnia his target, in 1993 it opened a branch in Croatia and the recruitment process of Bosnian’s Muslims was a secret task sponsored by Saudi Arabia and the U.S. supported part of the project.Al Qaeda recruitment center in Brooklyn in New York which was named “struggle Centre” was one of 30 branches opened in the U.S in a declared aim of fund-raising, the headquarter of these centers was establish in the middle of eighties by Osama bin laden and his teacher Abdullah Azzam in Pakistan, it was first known as “Bureau of service” then turned to “struggle Bureau”. The Struggle Bureau in New York Brooklyn recruited Arabs Muslims,the recruited numbers were 200 in Brooklyn, the Bureau was in charge in facilizing Visas procedures,providing tickets and receiving the fighter in Afghanistan ,upon their arrival they will be directed to “struggle Bureau” in Peshawar and being liked to Afgns militias led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
In 1996 Albanian mafia, which was guerrilla organization, in collaboration with Kosovo liberation army(KLA), took control of smuggling passages of heroin trade in Balkans.KLA was in relation with “afganian Jihadist” and with Osama bin Laden. In 1997 KLA begun fighting against the Serbian Army and the U.S department of state in 1998, lifted KLA from its terrorist organization list, KLA was the army which receive training, weapons and support from the U.S and Nato before and after 1998. Madlin Olbrit,former Secretary of state at Clinton administration was with close relationship with KLA leader Hashem Tashi and both of the CIA and German intelligence service had supported KLA before and after Bombing Yugoslavia by Nato. The relationship between KLA and German intelligence service dates to the beginning of nineties, the same decade when KLA was establishing their ties with AL Qaeda when its terrorist members received military training in Bin laden camps. Nato Bombed Yugoslavia in March 1999,they justified the action under the pretext of putting an end to the so called “Serbian repression of Albanian of Kosovo, around 1500 civilian were killed and the volume of damages caused by the NATO bombing of Serbia during the 1999 aggression were:
25000 buildings ,14 Airports ,69 Schools,18 nurseries,19 Hospitals,44 Bridges,176 cultural and historical landmarks,470 paved roads,595 railways.the aim of this process was that Serbia should have been excluded from the path of European development to justify a U.S military presence in the reigon,they have been planning for this expansion in order to contain Russia at the end.
An article published in 1996 in NEW YORK Times says:
“instead of seeing Bosnia as the eastern frontier of NATO, we should view the Balkans as the western frontier of America's rapidly expanding sphere of influence in the Middle East.
Until World War II, it should be recalled, the Balkans were considered not a part of Europe but of "the Near East." The fact that the United States is more enthusiastic than its European allies about a Bosnian Muslim state reflects, among other things, the new American role as the leader of an informal collection of Muslim nations from the Persian Gulf to the Balkans. The regions once ruled by the Ottoman Turks show signs of becoming the heart of a third American empire.
Since the late 19th century, the United States has had three empires (the term refers to voluntary groupings of client states as well as traditional colonies). In each case America, has steadily expanded its global influence by imposing control over the former empires of defeated great powers.
Now, in the years after the cold war, the United States is again establishing suzerainty over the empire of a former foe. The disintegration of the Soviet Union has prompted the United States to expand its zone of military hegemony into Eastern Europe (through NATO) and into formerly neutral Yugoslavia. And -- most important of all -- the end of the cold war has permitted America to deepen its involvement the Middle East”.
The newspapers add,”With the collapse of Yugoslavia, the transfer corridor of oil and natural gas from the Caspian region became facilitated to create a trans-Balkan pipeline, and it will be extending to Burgos port on the Black Sea to the Flury port on the Adriatic Sea, crossing Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania. There is a high possibility that this pipeline becomes a major route for oil and gas extracted in central Asia and transferred to west, this pipeline would carry 750 thousand barrels per day with around 600 million dollar monthly”.
Albanian president while attending a meeting on the map of Trans-Balkan oil pipeline, on 9 December 1998,he had linked between this pipeline and Kosovo saying clear message to the Americans who were attending the meeting: “if you want from Albanian to accept the passage of this trans-blank oil pipeline ,it is better for you to snatch Kosovo from Serbians hands”.
The consequence was ,the U.S political and economic dominance in central Asia and the Caspian sea, expanded with the help of an extremist international network of Islamic militants trained by CIA.
Afghanistan,Talban,Jihadists.
John k . cooley and Alexander cockburn, famous journalists and writers blame The United States for production of “jihadist Islamic” organizations that grew out of its control ,these “immature Jihadist ” begun their global activity since 1979, with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan at the height of the Cold War between East and West camps.
National security advisor for former American president Carter with an interview with French Magazine “"Aleneuval Observateur," said:
“we want to give the Soviet Union its own Vietnam war”, and indeed, Moscow went into a war lasted ten years, which rendered the empire prestige and led to its disintegration, and when they asked him for the consequence of supporting Islamic fundamentalism, he answered:
“what is more important for the history, the Talban or the collapse of the Soviet Union, some rampaging Muslims or the freedom of Europe and the end of the cold war?”
According to Hilary Clinton: Al Qaeda at its establishment process was an American imagine,it aims to lead the world in monopolize manner and confirming the end of history”.
Hillary Clinton has pointed out in one of her speech to the use of “Wahhabism” ideology and employing it since in some Islamic countries young people, were influenced by “Wahhabi Salafi” ideology that swept the minds of youths in the seventies and eighties.
“The Imperial Anatomy of Al-Qaeda”, is an important study written by Andrew Gavin Marshall, in this study ,Gavin spoke about “Safari club” which is a coalition of intelligence serveries included France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Iran [under the Shah] this club established in last of the seventies, and coordinated with CIA and the French played a major role within the club,. "Gavin explained How the West support Khomeini and overthrew the Shah and arranged the movement of Muslim brotherhood in Egypt for supporting the Iranian revolution, He explained that the main idea which evolve by time is the American -European relation with the Islamic world, the relation between the America-European countries and Islamic states based upon two points:
1-Open wounds of sectarian and ethnic diversity in the region so that people are fighting each other away from the face of Western interests.
2-continuous development of employment of the Islamists extremists in their confrontation with “the enemy of the West of the Soviet Union”, then let these extremist forces that we created battling each other to perish, -as the case in Yugoslavia, and as happening now in Syria-.
Peter Dale scott, published a study about the attacks of 11 September, he explained that coalition between CIA and M16, Pakistani, and Saudis intelligence services participated in Al Qaeda creation, they trained 100,000 fighters in Pakistani camps between 1986-1992, and remained the “Jihadist” ready after the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan.
In the 1980s, the British Special Forces (SAS) were training “Almujahideen” in Afghanistan, as well as in secret camps in Scotland, and the SAS was largely taking orders from the CIA. The CIA also indirectly begun to arm Osama bin Laden. From 1980 to 1989, about $600 million is passed through Osama bin Laden’s charity fronts, according to Michael Scheuer, head of the CIA’s first bin Laden unit. Most of it goes through the charity front Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK), also known as Al-Kifah.The money originated with wealthy donors in Saudi Arabia and other areas in the Persian Gulf, and was funneled through his charity fronts to arm and fund “Almujahideen” in Afghanistan.
The huge financing for these “Jihadists” was done through unmonitored routes, they have“transformed” a small Pakistani merchant bank, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), into a world-wide money-laundering machine, buying banks around the world to create the biggest clandestine money network in history.One of the programs carried out by the CIA in the eighties, was the financing propaganda of “Almujahideen program” in textbooks taught in Afghani schools, and the United States supported “ALMujahideen” with 43 million dollars in aid for non-military Use, textbooks project implemented by USAID, these books were crowded with pictures of violence, such as mines, tanks and guns.
Iraq and Al qaeda presence.
Saddam Hussien overthrown by U.S and its allies in 2003 ,under the pretext that Iraq obtained Weapons of mass destruction, the allegations which then proved completely false .this massive war created a vibrant new area for Al Qaeda, which became the basis for arrival of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and his group, moving from “al Tawhid and Jihad” and establishing” Islamic State of Iraq”
ISIL is the latest incarnation of al Qaeda in Iraq or the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). Since the American withdrawal, ISI has continued its terrorist campaign against the Iraqi government while expanding its area of operations to include Syria. This led to the adoption of its current name. ISIL’s use of the term “Levant,” or “Sham” in Arabic, encompasses not only state of Syria but also Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and, of course, Israel.ISIS is the second generation of Al Qaeda , which was more aggressive in its violence, and in fueling sectarian conflict in Iraq and the entire Middle East. Tony Blair with an interview with BBC 26 October 2015, said: “the War on Iraq participated in escalation of terrorism”. In the same respect, the American senator Bernie Sanders said :”war on Iraq escalated terrorism” and was a ground for ISIS birth, and the responsibility rely upon the U.S government” .
Sandris speech was in Election debate with Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton and Martin O’Malley after Paris terrorist attacks which occurred on 13 November 2015, Sandris said: “the catastrophic invasion of Iraq, which I was against, was one of the worst mistakes of the American’s foreign policy, it destabilized the whole region and escalated terrorism, which participated in ISIS emerge.”
After the withdrawal of Americans troops from Iraq,the increasing intervention of Iranians government in Iraq and the attempts to impose hegemony turned the political conflict within the Iraqis to be a sectarian after supporting Al malki’s government. In the amid of this sectarian conflict Al Baghdadi found a chance to cross the borders and establishing Al Nusra front by the end of 2011,then he announced the establishment of the Islamic state in Iraq and levant which recruited main sectors from Al nusra but many of its leadership refused to be under the supervision of Al Baghdadi and remained in Al Nusra.one of them was Abo Muhamad Al Julani who has his own story in Syria ,Aljulani that man who was released from Abu Ghrab Jail when Iraq was under the U.S invasion, Aljulani turned to be the Leader of Al nusra then changed its name to Jaish al Fateh after the announcement of Russian’s terrorist list groups in Syria. For avoiding strikes And to be treated as “moderate opposition” as the western categories of the oppesion militias fighting in Syria.
Syria,and the third generation of Al qaeda
Syria, a spot in the world in which the world wrestle ,some legitimize Syrian government, and others tend legitimacy ,between this and that ,interests intertwined and solutions complicated besides numerous scenarios.
With transformation of the Syrian demonstrations held on March 2011 to militarization and using weapons against the government’s forces , Syria turned into the so-called "Afghanistan of the middle East" , we were confronted with a new situation where the groups of armed violence kill each other, as is the case between "ISIS" and Al Nusra Front, with a death toll from two sides estimated more than four thousand people, The whole landscape is , the behavior of Western Powers, is calling our minds back to recall their role in the Afghani situation which was Mobilization and logistic support to Al Qaeda, which produced the first and second generation of Muslims Radicals transferred their Radicals ideologies internationally to several countries around the world.
The Gurdian published an Article on 1 June 2015,entitled : Terror trial collapses after fears of deep embarrassment to security services.
In this article the Gurdian reveals that :“The prosecution of a Swedish national accused of terrorist activities in Syria has collapsed at the Old Bailey after it became clear Britain’s security and intelligence agencies would have been deeply embarrassed had, a trial gone ahead, the lawyers of the accused Swedish revealed that British intelligence agencies were supporting the same Syrian opposition groups as he was, and were party to a secret operation providing weapons and non-lethal help to the groups, including the Free Syrian Army”.
U.S and Russia along with Regional players like Turkey and Sudia Arabia role in the Syrian bloody war, seems as they are giving up the situation as if they wanted it to continue, or reinforced sectarian fighting between Alwite and Sunnis, as is the case in Iraq.
In a study published by Washington institute entitled “foreign Jihadist in Syria Tracking Recruitment networks.” Disclosed the Europeans Fighters killed in Syria were from : France, Australia, Ireland, Albania, Germany, the United States, Bosnia, Britain, Canada, Denmark, Kosovo, Macedonia, New Zealand, Spain, Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania, Sweden, and of course other countries European did not announce fighters have been killed in the fighting there, in addition, according to information reported by the international Centre for the study of radical phenomena, France has 412 fighters in Syria, and Britain have 366 fighters, Belgium has 296 fighters and Germany have 240 fighters, while the Netherlands has 152 fighter, while talking estimates for more than a hundred American fighters.
The biggest risk which Europe is faced is the returnees from Syria and the Levant", the possibilities of carrying out attacks in European capitals is a matter of time from the perspective of European officials, and it became Urgent the question: When “Jihades” of Syria Attack Europe?!
Many question marks placed on the nature of the security imposed on the Turkish-Syrian border,In particular, the ease with which foreign fighters transit its territory. Ankara blind eye to the entry of foreign fighters into its territory for heading all the way to Syria, as disclosed in the media with proves, that Turkey is the main corridor of these terrorist into Syria, Monire Abo Salha or as he known between “Jihadists” Abou hourira was the first American committed suicide in Idleb north Syria,he travelled between the United States and Syria via Turkey without being stopped by the Turkish authorities,Abo Salha published a Video tape upon his arrival to Syria saying that whem he arrived to Tukey with some money he went to a mosque where he was recruited for his mission.
A survey of 1,500 media, government, and jihadist sources in multiple languages indicates that between 3,400 and 11,000 foreign fighters have entered Syria since the uprising turned into an armed rebellion. Some of them have been arrested, others killed, and others have returned home. Although more specific data beyond country of origin is not available for all of them, simply knowing the cities or provinces where many of them come from can provide a basic framework for stemming the overall flow, allowing local governments to be more precise in deterring or stopping individuals from going to Syria or to training locations in other countries
Russian intervene in Syrian ,one of its faces is the e aggressive competition with the United States of America ,Putin wants to reassert Russia as a great power rival to the US. Putin seeks to diminish U.S. power directly, including by expelling sources of Western influence from Russia and by building partnerships to counter the U.S. abroad”. Russia wants to “regain lost territory and sphere of influence, diminish US influence globally, reestablish itself as a global power, it found in the Syrian sand a good a chance to retain with the divide and deter NATO, divide and weaken EU.
On other hand, Washington didn’t hesitate to declare that eliminating ISIS could take ten years,but upon political accountability and media pressure ,Hiliray clinto is forced to disclose that Whittington is participated in roles and activities, this was a part of testimony in front of an interrogation of congress ,then she asserted that eliminating ISIS doesn’t takes the primacy in the U.S policy of the middle east.
Even though ,after the announcement of the international coalition led by the united states of America with participation of 60 country worldwide ,it has not achieve its goals ,since it was confined in pushing the terrorist back and co-opt them without eliminating them ,as what happened recently in Palmyra ISIS captured the city Twice even the satellite of the international coalition monitoring its fighters from the skies, in this sense Washington and its allies didn’t find wrong in employing ISIS terrorism for achieving spontaneous Americans, goals without involvement in direct confrontation around the world, such as disintegrating of Arabs armies like in Syria and Iraq, or as reining strategic convergence growing between Cairo and all of Moscow and Paris, especially at the level of military cooperation.
Conclusion:lesson fron the Past.
Karl Marx believes that history does not repeat itself, but in the form of a tragedy or a comedy. The current international intervention in Syria and Iraq, escalates this the negative effects of the phenomena in the history of the strong contribution of the major supporter of terrorism.
Russia may succeed this time to avoid getting involved in the quagmire of the type that sank during the intervention in Afghanistan, the more likely they will be able to do so. But this does not preclude that military intervention leads to attract more supporters fighters for "ISIS", receiving a new community foster.
Even the conference, which was held in Washington at the beginning of 2015, under the title "international conference for countering terrorism”, it seemed at the time as if it reflects a tendency to review what, it is revealed that it was nothing more than a marginal event ended with no one reminded it anymore.
These procedures represent certainly good ideas, but incorporating them in a new policy that is more effective in the face of terrorism that requires a review of old policies, as well as the commitment of the United States ,European countries , and others that recognize the risk of the spread of terrorism in the world, supporting the development plans, and the development of education systems in the country where terrorists are active and trying to recruit new members of of supporters .
Countering Terrorism needs an integrated global project supervised by the United Nations.the Plans required for countering nutrient factors of terrorism is very expensive, and they are beyond the capability of the country should follow this kind of confrontation and thus they need a large-scale of international funding .However, these countries, most of them are found in the Middle East, to take the initiative to revise the policies in facing terriorism, in order to provide a "model" affect the policies of the major international powers. Governments which are existing in most of this countries speak from time to time on the comprehensiveness face of terrorism, and the multiplicity of tools for this confrontation, but they remain dependent on the security and military instrument alone, like that of the major international powers.
One of the most important lessons we have been learned from the Global powers and their relation to al-Qaeda and their role in supporting of this organization ,Al Qaeda was transformed from a dagger in the hands of Americans to confront the Soviet Union then it turns into a dagger at the waist of both America and Europe, this is one faces of plicies fluctuations in politics, and that the whole world is suffering from them , this idea that the whole world's security and stability is one of all's security , in the light of globalization you can not achieve your security alone, but security is a human security for all.
“the reason Russia came in ,is because ISIL was getting strogerr…was threating the possibility of going to Damascus and so forth..that’s why Russia came in.we know that this was growing we were watching.we saw that ISIl was growing in strength and we thought Assad waw threatened…but instead of negotiating,he got Putin to suppot him.”_____JOHN KERRY.
{leaked recorded conversation}.