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Introduction
Hey it's a me again @drifter1!
Today we continue with my mathematics series about Signals and Systems in to get into Exercises on the Laplace Transform.
So, without further ado, let's dive straight into it!
Small Refresher
The Laplace Transform is a generalization of the Fourier Transform for a complex number exponent:
Using it sometimes simplifies calculations for LTI systems, but can also allow analysis of systems that don't converge using the more-specific Fourier Transform. The Laplace Transform has similar properties to the Fourier Transform, which include linearity, time- and frequency-shifting, complex conjugation, multiplication-convolution, differentatition-integration etc. The main difference is that an region-of-convergence (ROC) needs to be specified in addition to the algebraic expression of a system. The ROC can sometimes be found easily through common system properties such as causality and stability, which are only satisfied by some ROCs.
Laplace Transform and ROC Examples [Based on 20.9 from Ref1]
Let's determine the Laplace transform, pole-zero locations and associated ROC for each of the following cases:
a.
The signal u(t) is one of the elementary signals, which is (like all cases throughout this example) included in Laplace Transform pair tables.
Both of these signals have the same algebraic Laplace Transformm, which is:
and both signals also have the same pole (root of denominator) at the center of the axes (point O).
Their difference is only noticable in the ROC, where u(t) takes the right-side s-plane, whilst -u(-t) takes the left-side s-plane, as shown below.
b.
The unit impulse function δ(t) and the time-shifted δ(t - t0) have an ROC which includes the complete s plane. Of course, the impulse function has an Laplace Transform of 1, similar to the Fourier Transform. And so, by simply applying the time-shifting property its easy to find out the Laplace Transform of the time-shifted δ(t - t0).
c.
The exponential functions are also transform table pair cases, with the same algebraic Laplace transform, if a is left as is:
Both have a pole at the point -a on the Real-axis, and one has an ROC to the right-side of that pole, whilst the other has an ROC to the left of it, as shown below.
d.
The sinusoidal signals are also known cases, which are quite interesting on the s-plane. More specifically, the Laplace Transform is given by:
In the case of the sine function, their are two roots for the denominator, which means that their are two poles, one at ω0 and one at -ω0 of the Imaginary-Axis. As such, the ROC is basically the right-side of the s-plane.
This leads to the pole-zero diagram shown below.
e.
Multiplying the sinuosidal signals of the previous example by an exponential, which as we know is frequency-shifting, leads to an ROC which is more closely linked to the ROC of such an exponential. In the case of the sine signal, again only poles can be found, and that's why this example is about the cosine signal, which includes a zero (root at the nominator).
Either way, by simply applying the frequency-shifting property, the Laplace Transform of such sinuosidal signals looks as follows:
The pole-zero diagram and ROC is shown below.
LTI System Analysis Example [Based on 21.4 from Ref1]
Consider a continuous-time LTI system, for which the input x(t) and output y(t) are related by the following LCCDE:
Let's:
- determine the Laplace transform of the impulse response h(t), H(s) and sketch the pole-zero diagram
- specify the ROC for the following cases:
- The system is causal
- The system is anti-causal
- The system is stable
- determine h(t) if the system is causal
1.
Taking the Laplace Transform of the two sides of the differential equations yields:
which in turns means that the H(s) is:
There is only one pole at s = 3, and so the corresponding pole-zero plot is:
2.
For a causal system, the ROC must be to-the-right of the right-most pole, whilst for an anti-causal system it must be to-the-left of the left-most pole.
As such, the two choices for ROCs are:
Graphically, this leads to the pole-zero plots shown below.
The left-sided plane also satisfies stability, as the imaginary (jω) axis is included in the ROC.
3.
The function H(s) is one of the known Laplace Transform cases, and so taking the inverse Laplace Transform is as simple as:
RESOURCES:
References
Images
Mathematical equations used in this article were made using quicklatex.
Block diagrams and other visualizations were made using draw.io and GeoGebra
Previous articles of the series
Basics
- Introduction → Signals, Systems
- Signal Basics → Signal Categorization, Basic Signal Types
- Signal Operations with Examples → Amplitude and Time Operations, Examples
- System Classification with Examples → System Classifications and Properties, Examples
- Sinusoidal and Complex Exponential Signals → Sinusoidal and Exponential Signals in Continuous and Discrete Time
LTI Systems and Convolution
- LTI System Response and Convolution → Linear System Interconnection (Cascade, Parallel, Feedback), Delayed Impulses, Convolution Sum and Integral
- LTI Convolution Properties → Commutative, Associative and Distributive Properties of LTI Convolution
- System Representation in Discrete-Time using Difference Equations → Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations, Block Diagram Representation (Direct Form I and II)
- System Representation in Continuous-Time using Differential Equations → Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations, Block Diagram Representation (Direct Form I and II)
- Exercises on LTI System Properties → Superposition, Impulse Response and System Classification Examples
- Exercise on Convolution → Discrete-Time Convolution Example with the help of visualizations
- Exercises on System Representation using Difference Equations → Simple Block Diagram to LCCDE Example, Direct Form I, II and LCCDE Example
- Exercises on System Representation using Differential Equations → Equation to Block Diagram Example, Direct Form I to Equation Example
Fourier Series and Transform
- Continuous-Time Periodic Signals & Fourier Series → Input Decomposition, Fourier Series, Analysis and Synthesis
- Continuous-Time Aperiodic Signals & Fourier Transform → Aperiodic Signals, Envelope Representation, Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transforms, Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
- Continuous-Time Fourier Transform Properties → Linearity, Time-Shifting (Translation), Conjugate Symmetry, Time and Frequency Scaling, Duality, Differentiation and Integration, Parseval's Relation, Convolution and Multiplication Properties
- Discrete-Time Fourier Series & Transform → Getting into Discrete-Time, Fourier Series and Transform, Synthesis and Analysis Equations
- Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Properties → Differences with Continuous-Time, Periodicity, Linearity, Time and Frequency Shifting, Conjugate Summetry, Differencing and Accumulation, Time Reversal and Expansion, Differentation in Frequency, Convolution and Multiplication, Dualities
- Exercises on Continuous-Time Fourier Series → Fourier Series Coefficients Calculation from Signal Equation, Signal Graph
- Exercises on Continuous-Time Fourier Transform → Fourier Transform from Signal Graph and Equation, Output of LTI System
- Exercises on Discrete-Time Fourier Series and Transform → Fourier Series Coefficient, Fourier Transform Calculation and LTI System Output
Filtering, Sampling, Modulation, Interpolation
- Filtering → Convolution Property, Ideal Filters, Series R-C Circuit and Moving Average Filter Approximations
- Continuous-Time Modulation → Getting into Modulation, AM and FM, Demodulation
- Discrete-Time Modulation → Applications, Carriers, Modulation/Demodulation, Time-Division Multiplexing
- Sampling → Sampling Theorem, Sampling, Reconstruction and Aliasing
- Interpolation → Reconstruction Procedure, Interpolation (Band-limited, Zero-order hold, First-order hold)
- Processing Continuous-Time Signals as Discrete-Time Signals → C/D and D/C Conversion, Discrete-Time Processing
- Discrete-Time Sampling → Discrete-Time (or Frequency Domain) Sampling, Downsampling / Decimation, Upsampling
- Exercises on Filtering → Filter Properties, Type and Output
- Exercises on Modulation → CT and DT Modulation Examples
- Exercises on Sampling and Interpolation → Graphical/Visual Sampling and Interpolation Examples
Laplace and Z Transforms
- Laplace Transform → Laplace Transform, Region of Convergence (ROC)
- Laplace Transform Properties → Linearity, Time- and Frequency-Shifting, Time-Scaling, Complex Conjugation, Multiplication and Convolution, Differentation in Time- and Frequency-Domain, Integration in Time-Domain, Initial and Final Value Theorems
- LTI System Analysis using Laplace Transform → System Properties (Causality, Stability) and ROC, LCCDE Representation and Laplace Transform, First-Order and Second-Order System Analysis
Final words | Next up
And this is actually it for today's post!
Next time we will start getting into the Z-Transform, which is a somewhat discrete-time version of the Laplace Transform...
See Ya!
Keep on drifting!